Malaysian Herbs-- Senna Tora-Java Bean (77)ஆவாரையில் ஓரினம்

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Java bean 

This page is about the Cassia tora described by Linnaeus. Later authors usually applied the taxon to Senna obtusifolia.

Common Name: Sicklepod, Chinese senna, Coffeeweed, Java-bean. Scientifci Name: Senna obtusifolia. Synonym: Cassia tora, Cassia obtusifolia, Cassia humilis. Family: Fabaceae. Plant type: Annual or perennial herb. Height: 12-24 in. (30-60 cm). Flower color: Bright Yellow.

Description: The stems are light green, Branched. Leaves alternate, Pinnate leaf, Obovate (3-5 cm long, 2-4 cm wide,), Bracts ovate or lanceolate, 2-5 mm long. Its leaves, seeds, and root are used in folk medicine, primarily in Asia.

Origin

The exact native range of this species is obscure, but it is thought to be native to the Indian sub-continent (i.e. India, Bhutan, Nepal, eastern Pakistan, Sri Lanka), southern China, south-eastern Asia (i.e. Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea) and parts of western Polynesia (i.e. the Solomon Islands).

Senna tora
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Caesalpinioideae
Tribe:	Cassieae
Subtribe:	Cassiinae
Genus:	Senna
Species:	S. tora
Binomial name
Senna tora (L.) Roxb.
Synonyms
Numerous, see text

Senna tora (originally described by Linné as Cassia tora) is a legume in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Its name has been derived fromSinhala language, in which it is called Tora (තෝර). In Sri Lanka it is easily found in many places. It grows wild in most of the tropics and is considered a weed in many places; its native range is not well known but probably South Asia. It is often confused with Chinese Senna or Sicklepod, S. obtusifolia. If it is given a distinct common name at all, it is called Sickle Wild Sensitive-plant.

Contents   [hide]  1 Use 2 Synonyms 3 Footnotes 4 References

Use

This herb is used in Ayurveda medicine for treatment of swellings etc. In some parts of Sri Lanka, people add its flowers in cooking which makes delicious food. This flowers can be used to drink as tea.

Synonyms

The taxonomic history of this plant is extremely confused, even by the standards of Senna and Cassia. S. tora and S. obtusifolia were for long and are often still held to be - and may eventually be verified as - a single species. Hence, taxa referring to either species were indiscriminately applied to both.

• Cassia boreensis Miq.
• Cassia borneensis Miq.
• Cassia gallinaria Collad.
• Cassia numilis Collad.

Apparently a misprint for Cassia humilis, which would have been applied to this species in error as it is properly a synonym of Senna obtusifolia and Chamaecrista kunthiana, depending on the author.

• 
  

Stems and Leaves

The branched, sprawling, stems are usually hairless (i.e. glabrous) or sparsely hairy (i.e. puberulent).

The compound (i.e. pinnate) leaves are alternately arranged along the stems and are borne on relatively long stalks (i.e.petioles) 20-45 mm long. These leaves (50-75 mm long) have two to four pairs of leaflets that are egg-shaped in outline with the narrower end attached to the stalk (i.e. obovate). The leaflets (10-55 mm long and 10-35 mm wide) have rounded tips (i.e. obtuse apices) and their margins are lined with tiny hairs (i.e. cilia). There is a small elongated structure (i.e. gland) usually located between each of the lowest two pairs of leaflets (sometimes these glands are only present between the lowest pair of leaflets). The leaves of this species give off a strong unpleasant odour, particularly when damaged or brushed against.

Flowers and Fruit

The yellow flowers are borne on short stalks (i.e. pedicels) 6-10 mm long. These flowers are arranged in pairs in the leaf forks (i.e. axils) and are mostly found near the tips of the branches. Each flower has five sepals, five yellow petals (8-10 mm long) and seven fertile stamens with small anthers (1.5-2.5 mm long). Flowering occurs mostly from late summer through to early winter.

The fruit is a very slender, sickle-shaped (i.e. falcate), pod (12-25 cm long and 2-6 mm wide) that is almost round in cross-section (i.e. cylindrical) and curved downwards. These pods turn brownish-green as they mature and are slightly indented between each of the numerous (20-30) seeds (i.e. the pods are faintly septate). The seeds are striped olive and brown (about 3 mm long), shiny in appearance, and flattened (i.e. compressed) or irregularly shaped (i.e. rhombic -rounded).

Reproduction and Dispersal

This plant reproduces by seed.

These seeds are dispersed by water and animals that eat the fruit (e.g. cattle). They may also be spread as a contaminant of agricultural produce (i.e. fodder and pasture seeds) or in mud sticking to animals, footwear, machinery and vehicles.

Impacts

Java bean (Senna tora) is regarded as an environmental weed in northern Queensland and the Northern Territory.

Similar Species

Java bean (Senna tora) is very similar to sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia ), hairy senna (Senna hirsuta ), coffee senna (Senna occidentalis ), smooth senna (Senna septemtrionalis ) and the native arsenic bush (Senna planitiicola). It is also relatively similar to Easter cassia ( Senna pendula var. glabrata) and pepper-leaved senna (Senna barclayana). These species can be distinguished by the following differences:

• Java bean (Senna tora) is a relatively small slender shrub (usually 0.5-2 m tall) that has leaves with a few (2-4) pairs ofleaflets. The moderately-sized leaflets (10-40 mm long) are relatively broad (10-35 mm wide) and have rounded tips (i.e.obtuse apices). Its flowers are borne in pairs in the leaf forks and its very elongated (12-25 cm long) pods are almost rounded in cross-section (i.e. cylindrical) and very narrow (2-6 mm wide). These pods are strongly curved downwards (i.e. sickle-shaped) and are mostly hairless (i.e. glabrous). This species also gives off a strong unpleasant smell.
• sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia ) is a relatively small slender shrub (usually 0.5-2 m tall) that has leaves with a few (2-3) pairs of leaflets. The relatively large leaflets (17-65 mm long) are relatively broad (15-40 mm wide) and have rounded tips (i.e. obtuse apices). Its flowers are borne in pairs in the leaf forks and the very elongated (6-18 cm long) pods are almost rounded in cross-section (i.e. cylindrical) and very narrow (2-6 mm wide). These pods are strongly curved downwards (i.e. sickle-shaped) and are mostly hairless (i.e. glabrous).
• hairy senna (Senna hirsuta ) is a relatively small slender shrub (usually 0.5-2 m tall) that has leaves with several (2-6) pairs of leaflets. These relatively large leaflets (40-105 mm long) are relatively broad (20-40 mm wide) and have pointed tips (i.e. acute apices). Its flowers are borne in small clusters in the leaf forks and its very elongated (10-18 cm long)pods are usually somewhat flattened and very narrow (4-6 mm wide). These pods are slightly-curved downwards and are densely covered in long white hairs (i.e.pubescent).
• coffee senna (Senna occidentalis ) is a relatively small slender shrub (usually 0.5-2 m tall) that has leaves with several (3-7) pairs of leaflets. The relatively large leaflets (30-100 mm long) are relatively broad (20-40 mm wide) and have pointed tips (i.e. acute apices). Its flowers are borne in small clusters in the leaf forks and its very elongated(7.5-13 cm long) pods are rounded (i.e. cylindrical) or slightly flattened and relatively thick (6-11 mm wide). These pods are straight or slightly-curved upwards and are mostly hairless (i.e. glabrous).
• smooth senna (Senna septemtrionalis ) is a moderately-sized shrub (1-3 m tall) that has leaves with several (3-5) pairs of leaflets. The relatively large leaflets (45-70 mm long) are relatively broad (15-35 mm wide) and have pointed tips (i.e. acute apices). Its flowers are borne in relatively loose somewhat elongated many-flowered clusters (i.e. racemes) and its elongated (6-10.5 cm long) pods are almost rounded in cross-section (i.e. cylindrical) and relatively thick (10-15 mm wide). These pods are straight and mostly hairless (i.e. glabrous).
• arsenic bush (Senna planitiicola) is a relatively small slender shrub (usually 0.5-2 m tall) that has leaves with several (5-7) pairs of leaflets. The moderately-sized leaflets (25-50 mm long) are relatively broad (15-25 mm across) and have somewhat pointed tips (i.e. acute apices). Its flowers are borne in small clusters in the leaf forks and its relatively short (less than 8.5 cm long) pods are almost rounded in cross-section (i.e. cylindrical) and relatively thick (8-11 mm wide). These pods are straight and mostly hairless (i.e. glabrous).
• Easter cassia ( Senna pendula var. glabrata) is a moderately-sized shrub (2-4 m tall) that has leaves with several (3-6) pairs of leaflets. The moderately-sized leaflets (20-50 mm long) are relatively broad (10-20 mm wide) with rounded tips (i.e. obtuse apices) and prominent yellowish coloured margins. Its flowers are borne in relatively loose leafy clusters and its elongated (10-20 cm long) pods are almost rounded in cross-section (i.e. cylindrical) and relatively thick (8-12 mm wide). These pods are relatively straight, sometimes have one or more constrictions, and are hairless (i.e. glabrous).
• pepper-leaved senna (Senna barclayana) is a low-growing shrub (usually less than 1 m tall) that has leaves with several (4-10) pairs of leaflets. The moderately-sized leaflets(20-50 mm long) are relatively narrow (4-15 mm wide) and have pointed tips (i.e. acute apices). Its flowers are borne in small clusters in the leaf forks and its relatively short (3-7 cm long) pods are almost rounded in cross-section (i.e. cylindrical) and relatively thick (6-9 mm wide). These pods are straight and hairless (i.e. glabrous).

There are many other native sennas (Senna spp.) that are also relatively similar to Java bean (Senna tora). However, these species generally have thicker pods and ten fertilestamens  in each flower.

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Malaysian Herbs- cumin-(76)-Cuminum cyminum-சீரகம்

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CUMIN                                                                      

சிறுசீரகம்

 அகத்தை சுத்தம் பண்ணும் ;சீர் படுத்தும் ; ஆகவே இதற்கு சீர் அகம் என்று வைத்துள்ளார்கள் நம் முன்னோர்கள். அல்லவா? 

In India, cumin has been used for millennia as a traditional ingredient of innumerable kormas, masalas, soups and other spiced gravies.

The English "cumin" derives from the Old English cymen (or Old French cumin), from Latin cuminum, which is the Latinisation of theGreek κύμινον (cumin), cognate with Hebrew כמון (kammon) and Arabic كمون (kammun). Forms of this word are attested in several ancient Semitic languages, including kamūnu in Akkadian. The ultimate source is the Sumerian word gamut. The earliest attested form of the word κύμινον (Kumon) is the Mycenaean Greek ku-mi-no, written in Linear B syllabic script.

Originally cultivated in Iran
and the Mediterranean region, cumin is mentioned in
 the Bible in both the Old Testament (Isaiah 28:27) and the New Testament (Matthew 23:23). 
The ancient Greeks kept cumin at the dining table in its own container (much as pepper is frequently kept today), and this practice continues in Morocco. Cumin was also used heavily in ancient Roman cuisine. It was introduced to the Americas by Spanish and Portuguese colonists.
There are several different types of cumin but the most famous ones are black and green cumin which are both used in Persian cuisine.

Today, the plant is mostly grown in China, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Iran, Turkey, Morocco, Egypt, Syria, Mexico, Chile, and India. Since cumin is often used as part of birdseed and exported to many countries, the plant can occur as a rare casual in many territories including Britain. Cumin occurs as a rare casual in the British Isles, mainly in Southern England; but the frequency of its occurrence has declined greatly. According to the Botanical Society of the British Isles' most recent Atlas, only one record has been confirmed since 2000.

Results showed that chicks in treatment 3 developed
a significant decrease in the level of cholesterol in blood serum compared to other treatments.

So now we can assume that seeragam is one of the spices in Indian herbal medicine to reduce weight and cholesterol.

Cumin seeds are used as a spice for their distinctive flavor and aroma. It is globally popular and an essential flavoring in many cuisines, particularly South Asian, Northern African, and Latin American cuisines.

 Cumin can be found in some cheeses, such as Leyden cheese, and in some traditional breads from France. It is commonly used in traditional Brazilian cuisine. Cumin can be an ingredient in chili powder (often Tex-Mex or Mexican-style), and is found in achiote blends, adobos, sofrito, garam masala, curry powder, and baccarat.

Cumin can be used as ground or as whole seeds. It helps to add an earthy and warming feeling to food, making it a staple in certain stews and soups, as well as spiced gravies such as chili. It is also used as an ingredient in some pickles and pastries.

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Malaysian Herbs-(75)SENNA -சூரத்தாவாரை

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 Senna (fan xie ye)  JOHAR in Malay

What is senna? What is it used for?

 சிறுவர்களாக இருந்த போது நம் தாயார் நமக்கு பேதிக்கு கொடுப்பார்களே! ஞாபகம் இருக்கிறதா?

Senna is a shrub found throughout India, Pakistan, and China. Its name is derived from the Arabic word "sena," and it has been used in Ayurvedic and Unani medicines since the ninth century. The shrub grows to a height of approximately two feet, with green stems and pods and yellow, scoop-shaped leaves. The leaves and pods, or fruit, are used medicinally.

The active substances in senna leaves and fruit are called sennosides. These molecules are converted by bacteria in the colon into another substance, rhein-anthrone, which has two beneficial effects. First, it stimulates colon activity, which speeds up bowel movements and improves digestion. Second, it increases fluid secretion.

Traditionally, senna was used as a laxative and was considered a "cleansing" herb because of its cathartic properties. More modern studies have found that senna is useful in treating constipation, whether it is caused by pharmaceuticals or natural means. It may also be used to treat skin conditions such as ringworm and acne.

How much senna should I take?

Some practitioners recommend taking an herbal extract that contains 20-60mg of sennosides per day.

The World Health Organization ( WHO ) approves senna leaves and senna pods for  Short-term use in occasional Constipation ( WHO, 1999 ).
Senna is considered a 揅leansing?herb because of its cathartic effect and has been used as a natural laxative for centuries.
Senna was given the name of purging Cassia in Europe during the Middle Ages because it was used at that time in an Italian Medical school as a purgative.
In Chinese medicine, senna is used for 揕iver fire?patterns, atherosclerosis and for 

In medicine [edit]

Sennas have for millennia played a major role in herbalism and folk medicine. Alexandrian Senna (S. alexandrina) was and still is a significant item of trans-national trade e.g. by theAbabdeh people and grown commercially, traditionally along the middle Nile but more generally in many regions around the northwestern Indian Ocean.

Sennas act as purgatives and are similar to aloe and rhubarb in having as active ingredients anthraquinone derivatives and their glucosides. The latter are called sennosides orsenna glycosides. Senna alexandrina is used in modern medicine as a laxative;^[13] acting on the lower bowel, it is especially useful in alleviating constipation. It increases theperistaltic movements of the colon by irritating the colonic mucosa. The plants are most often prepared as an infusion. Senna glycosides are listed as ATC code A06AB06 on their own and A06AB56 in combined preparation

Senna Benefits

Contents

• Senna benefits
• Notes / side effects
• Where to buy Senna
• Senna reviews

Senna is a herb that is generally used for its laxative properties. Senna is also known as cassia senna, wild senna, cassia marilandica, or locust plant. It works by interacting with the bacteria in the digestive track, resulting in intestinal contractions. These contractions are caused by the anthraquinone that is contained in senna. These dimeric glycosides anthraquinone derivatives are known as Senna glycosides or sennosides. They are named after their abundant occurrence in these plants of the genus Senna. The main forms of these glycosides are often referred to by: A, B, C & D. Both leaves and pods of the senna plant are used for their laxative effects. The pods are less potent than the leaves.

Senna is found in many tropical countries. The plant has been used in India for thousands of years as a laxative. It can be found in capsule and tablet form, tea bags and loose tea, as well as liquid extracts. The undiluted dried root can be found in health food stores.

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Malaysian Herbs-(74)abotrysமனோரஞ்சிதம்

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abotrys hexapetalus   மனோரஞ்சிதம்

Ylang – Ylang – Manoranjitham

KENANGA-

FLOWER OF FLOWERS

abotrys hexapetalus (Bengali :kathali champa)

மனோரஞ்சிதம்

Common Name :Harichampa, Madanmast, Katchampa, ClimbingYlang-Ylang, Lilo champo, Harachampa, Manoranjini, Manoranjitham, Hirvaa chaphaa, Haritachampaka, Manoranjidam, Aakusampenga.

Differentiating the climbing ylang-ylang (Artabotrys uncinatus and the ylang-ylang tree (Cananga odorata), both belonging to the family Annonaceae can be puzzling at times. The ylang-ylangs produce highly fragrant flowers that are widely used in aromatherapy and in perfumery.

Climbing ylang-ylang

Popularly known as `Manoranjitham', Artabotrys uncinatus, a native of India and Sri Lanka, is a fast-growing, dense evergreen, strong and woody climbing plant with long drooping branches. It is called climbing ylang-ylang since the plant attaches itself to nearby supports with the help of hooks developed on the pedicels of flowers.

  

Yang-Ylang

Cananga odorata (karumugai), a native of Indonesia and Malaysia is a medium-sized tree with simple alternate leaves. The genus name Cananga is adapted from the Malaysian name of the plant `kananga' which means `flower of flowers', referring to its fragrant blooms, that produce the essential oil, and the species name `odorata' denotes the strong fragrance of the flower. 

The highly fragrant yellow flowers have elongated, narrow petals, which are often soaked in coconut oil to make a pleasantly perfumed body lotion that is believed to ward off malevolent spirits. The flavor blends well with lemon, eucalyptus, clove, orange, ginger, sandalwood, rosewood, rose, and jasmine.

The flowers are gathered in the dark or at dawn to conserve the fugitive scent which rapidly dissipates in heat after sunrise. 

The oil obtained by the distillation of fresh flowers is supposed to be an excellent anti-depressant and hypotensor because of its soothing, sedative properties. It is also said to help reduce blood pressure, palpitation, insomnia, nervous tension, and stress-related disorders. However, too much of a floral scent can cause nausea or headache to some. The oil is prescribed for topical application only and should not come into direct contact with the eyes .

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