www.malaysianherbals.com-(75)SENNA -சூரத்தாவாரை

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 Senna (fan xie ye)  JOHAR in Malay

What is senna? What is it used for?

 சிறுவர்களாக இருந்த போது நம் தாயார் நமக்கு பேதிக்கு கொடுப்பார்களே! ஞாபகம் இருக்கிறதா?

Senna is a shrub found throughout India, Pakistan and China. Its name is derived from the Arabic word "sena," and it has been used in ayurvedic and unani medicines since the ninth century. The shrub grows to a height of approximately two feet, with green stems and pods and yellow, scoop-shaped leaves. The leaves and pods, or fruit, are used medicinally.

The active substances in senna leaves and fruit are called sennosides. These molecules are converted by bacteria in the colon into another substance, rhein-anthrone, which has two beneficial effects. First, it stimulates colon activity, which speeds bowel movements and improves digestion. Second, it increases fluid secretion.

Traditionally, senna was used as a laxative and was considered a "cleansing" herb because of its cathartic properties. More modern studies have found that senna is useful in treating constipation, whether it is caused by pharmaceuticals or natural means. It may also be used to treat skin conditions such as ringworm and acne.

How much senna should I take?

Some practitioners recommend taking an herbal extract that contains 20-60mg of sennosides per day.

The World Health Organization ( WHO ) approves senna leaves and senna pods for  Short-term use in occasional Constipation ( WHO, 1999 ).
Senna is considered a 揅leansing?herb because of its cathartic effect and has been used as a natural laxative for centuries.
Senna was given the name of purging Cassia in Europe during the Middle Ages because it was used at that time in an Italian Medical school as a purgative.
In Chinese medicine, senna is used for 揕iver fire?patterns, atherosclerosis and for 

In medicine [edit]

Sennas have for millennia played a major role in herbalism and folk medicine. Alexandrian Senna (S. alexandrina) was and still is a significant item of trans-national trade e.g. by theAbabdeh people and grown commercially, traditionally along the middle Nile but more generally in many regions around the northwestern Indian Ocean.

Sennas act as purgatives and are similar to aloe and rhubarb in having as active ingredients anthraquinone derivatives and their glucosides. The latter are called sennosides orsenna glycosides. Senna alexandrina is used in modern medicine as a laxative;^[13] acting on the lower bowel, it is especially useful in alleviating constipation. It increases theperistaltic movements of the colon by irritating the colonic mucosa. The plants are most often prepared as an infusion. Senna glycosides are listed as ATC code A06AB06 on their own and A06AB56 in combined preparation

Senna Benefits

Contents

• Senna benefits
• Notes / side effects
• Where to buy Senna
• Senna reviews

Senna is a herb that is generally used for its laxative properties. Senna is also known as cassia senna, wild senna, cassia marilandica, or locust plant. It works by interacting with the bacteria in the digestive track, resulting in intestinal contractions. These contractions are caused by the anthraquinone that is contained in senna. These dimeric glycosides anthraquinone derivatives are known as Senna glycosides or sennosides. They are named after their abundant occurrence in these plants of the genus Senna. The main forms of these glycosides are often referred to by: A, B, C & D. Both leaves and pods of the senna plant are used for their laxative effects. The pods are less potent than the leaves.

Senna is found in many tropical countries. The plant has been used in India for thousands of years as a laxative. It can be found in capsule and tablet form, tea bags and loose tea, as well as liquid extracts. The undiluted dried root can be found in health food stores.s.

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www.malaysianherbals.com-(74)abotrysமனோரஞ்சிதம்

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abotrys hexapetalus   மனோரஞ்சிதம்

Ylang – Ylang – Manoranjitham

KENANGA-

FLOWER OF FLOWERS

abotrys hexapetalus (Bengali :kathali champa)

Common Name :Harichampa, Madanmast, Katchampa, ClimbingYlang-Ylang, Lilo champo, Harachampa, Manoranjini, Manoranjitham, Hirvaa chaphaa, Haritachampaka, Manoranjidam, Aakusampenga.

Differentiating the climbing ylang-ylang (Artabotrys uncinatus and the ylang-ylang tree (Cananga odorata), both belonging to the family Annonaceae can be puzzling at times. The ylang-ylangs produce highly fragrant flowers that are widely used in aromatherapy and in perfumery.

Climbing ylang-ylang

Popularly known as `Manoranjitham', Artabotrys uncinatus, a native of India and Sri Lanka, is a fast growing, dense evergreen, strong and woody climbing plant with long drooping branches. It is called climbing ylang-ylang, since the plant attaches itself to nearby supports with the help of hooks developed on the pedicels of flowers.

  

Yang-Ylang

Cananga odorata (karumugai), a native of Indonesia and Malaysia is a medium-sized tree with simple alternate leaves. The genus name Cananga is adapted from the Malaysian name of the plant `kananga' which means `flower of flowers', referring to its fragrant blooms, that produce the essential oil and the species name `odorata' denotes the strong fragrance of the flower. 

The highly fragrant yellow flowers have elongated, narrow petals, which are often soaked in coconut oil to make a pleasantly perfumed body lotion that is believed to ward off malevolent spirits. The flavour blends well with lemon, eucalyptus, clove, orange, ginger, sandalwood, rosewood, rose and jasmine.

The flowers are gathered in the dark or at dawn to conserve the fugitive scent which rapidly dissipates in heat after sunrise. 

The oil obtained by the distillation of fresh flowers is supposed to be an excellent anti-depressant and hypotensor because of its soothing, sedative properties. It is also said to help reduce blood pressure, palpitation, insomnia, nervous tension and stress-related disorders. However, too much of floral scent can cause nausea or headache to some. The oil is prescribed for topical application only and should not come into direct contact with the eyes .

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www.malaysianherbals.com Termarind Tree - Tamarindus indica-(73)புளியமரம்

                                            புளியமரம்

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Tamarind    (Tamarindus indica) 

(from Arabic: تمر هندی‎, romanized tamar hindi, "Indian date") is a leguminous tree in the family Fabaceaeindigenous to tropical Africa. The genus Tamarindus is a monotypic taxon, having only a single species

The graceful tamarind tree (Tamarindus indica) is believed to have originated in Africa and is now cultivated in many parts of the tropical world. Although in the legume family, it does not fix nitrogen; however, its many attractive qualities make it a splendid addition to the large permaculture garden. It is one of the most useful of tropical trees – for shelter, shade, food firebreaks, fuel wood, forage, fodder, bee food and mulch. Leaves, flowers and immature pods are eaten as vegetables, while these items plus the bark and roots have medicinal properties.

The tamarind tree produces edible, pod-like fruit which are used extensively in cuisines around the world. Other uses include traditional medicines and metal polishes. The wood can be used in carpentry. Because of the tamarind's many uses, cultivation has spread around the world in tropical and subtropical zones.

          Fruit pulp: in West Africa, an infusion of the whole pods is added to the dye when coloring goat hides. The fruit pulp may be used as a fixative with turmeric or annatto in dyeing and has served to coagulate rubber latex. The pulp, mixed with sea water, cleans silver, copper and brass.




Seeds: The powder made from tamarind kernels has been adopted by the Indian textile industry as 300% more efficient and more economical than cornstarch for sizing and finishing cotton, jute and spun viscose, as well as having other technical advantages. 
It is commonly used for dressing homemade blankets. 

Other industrial uses include employment in color printing of textiles, paper sizing, leather treating, the manufacture of a structural plastic, a glue for wood, a stabilizer in bricks, a binder in sawdust briquettes, and a thickener in some explosives. It is exported to Japan, the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.
Tamarind seeds yield an amber oil useful as an illuminant and as a varnish especially preferred for painting dolls and idols. The oil is said to be palatable and of culinary quality. The tannin-rich seedcoat (testa) is under investigation as having some utility as an adhesive for plywoods and in dyeing and tanning, though it is of inferior quality and gives a red hue to leather.

Tamarind seeds have been used in a limited way as emergency food. They are roasted, soaked to remove the seedcoat, then boiled or fried, or ground to a flour or starch. Roasted seeds are ground and used as a substitute for, or adulterant of, coffee. In Thailand they are sold for this purpose. In the past, the great bulk of seeds available as a by-product of processing tamarinds, has gone to waste. In 1942, two Indian scientists, T. P. Ghose and S. Krishna, announced that the decorticated kernels contained 46 to 48% of a gel-forming substance. Dr. G. R. Savur of the Pectin Manufacturing Company, Bombay, patented a process for the production of a purified product, called "Jellose", "polyose", or "pectin", which has been found superior to fruit pectin in the manufacture of jellies, jams, and marmalades. It can be used in fruit preserving with or without acids and gelatinizes with sugar concentrates even in cold water or milk. It is recommended as a stabilizer in ice cream, mayonnaise and cheese and as an ingredient or agent in a number of pharmaceutical products.

Medicinal Uses:Medicinal uses of the tamarind are uncountable. The pulp has been official in the British and American and most other pharmacopoeias and some 200,000 lbs (90,000 kg) of the shelled fruits have been annually imported into the United States for the drug trade, primarily from the Lesser Antilles and Mexico. The European supply has come largely from Calcutta, Egypt and the Greater Antilles. Tamarind preparations are universally recognized as refrigerants in fevers and as laxatives and carminatives. Alone, or in combination with lime juice, honey, milk, dates, spices or camphor, the pulp is considered effective as a digestive, even for elephants, and as a remedy for biliousness and bile disorders, and as an antiscorbutic. In native practice, the pulp is applied on inflammations, is used in a gargle for sore throat and, mixed with salt, as a liniment for rheumatism. It is, further, administered to alleviate sunstroke, Datura poisoning, and alcoholic intoxication. In Southeast Asia, the fruit is prescribed to counteract the ill effects of overdoses of false chaulmoogra, Hydnocarpus anthelmintica Pierre, given in leprosy. The pulp is said to aid the restoration of sensation in cases of paralysis. In Colombia, an ointment made of tamarind pulp, butter, and other ingredients is used to rid domestic animals of vermin.
Tamarind leaves and flowers, dried or boiled, are used as poultices for swollen joints, sprains and boils. Lotions and extracts made from them are used in treating conjunctivitis, as antiseptics, as vermifuges, treatments for dysentery, jaundice, erysipelas and hemorrhoids and various other ailments. The fruit shells are burned and reduced to an alkaline ash which enters into medicinal formulas. The bark of the tree is regarded as an effective astringent, tonic and febrifuge. Fried with salt and pulverized to an ash, it is given as a remedy for indigestion and colic. A decoction is used in cases of gingivitis and asthma and eye inflammations; and lotions and poultices made from the bark are applied on open sores and caterpillar rashes. The powdered seeds are made into a paste for drawing boils and, with or without cumin seeds and palm sugar, are prescribed for chronic diarrhea and dysentery. The seedcoat, too, is astringent, and it, also, is specified for the latter disorders. An infusion of the roots is believed to have curative value in chest complaints and is an ingredient in prescriptions for leprosy.
Food Value
Analyses of the pulp are many and varied. Roughly, they show the pulp to be rich in calcium, phosphorus, iron, thiamine and riboflavin and a good source of niacin. Ascorbic acid content is low except in the peel of young green fruits.

Leaves: The leaves are eaten by cattle and goats, and furnish fodder for silkworms–Anaphe sp. in India, Hypsoides vuilletii in West Africa. The fine silk is considered superior for embroidery.
The leaves and roots contain the glycosides: vitexin, isovitexin, orientin and isoorientin. The bark yields theFig. 33:                                                                                                   Bahamian children hold mature but still green tamarinds                            

                                                                                                                       in hot ashes until they sizzle, then dip the tip in the     

                                                                                                                       ashes and eat them.   The high calcium content           
                                                                                                                        contributes to good teeth. alkaloid, hordenine.
   Superstitions                                                                                                                

Few plants will survive beneath a tamarind tree and there is a superstition that it is harmful to sleep or to tie a horse beneath one, probably because of the corrosive effect that fallen leaves have on fabrics in damp weather. Some African tribes venerate the tamarind tree as sacred. To certain Burmese, the tree represents the dwelling-place of the rain god and some hold the belief that the tree raises the temperature in its immediate vicinity. Hindus may marry a tamarind tree to a mango tree before eating the fruits of the latter. In Nyasaland, tamarind bark soaked with corn is given to domestic fowl in the belief that, if they stray or are stolen, it will cause them to return home. In Malaya, a little tamarind and coconut milk is placed in the mouth of an infant at birth, and the bark and fruit are given to elephants to make them wise.  thanks to free dictionary

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www.malaysianherbals.com Senna Obtusifolia Chinese Senna -(72) சீனத்து ஆவாரை

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Senna obtusifolia   CHINESE SENNA 

Alternative name is Cassia humilis"  

அன்பர்களே! காடு போன்று வளரும் இச்செடியைப் பார்த்திருக்கிறீர்களா? 

இதன் நன்மைகளைக்கீழேபாருங்கள்

Senna obtusifolia (Chinese Senna or Sicklepod) is a legume in the genus Senna, sometimes separated in the monotypic genusDiallobus. It grows wild in North, Central, and South America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania, and is considered a particularly serious weed in many places. It has a long-standing history of confusion with Senna tora and that taxon in many sources actually refers to the present species.

The green leaves of the plant are fermented to produce a high-protein food product called "kawal" which is eaten by many people in Sudanas a meat substitute. Its leaves, seeds, and root are also used in folk medicine, primarily in Asia. It is believed to possess a laxativeeffect, as well as to be beneficial for the eyes. As a folk remedy, the seeds are often roasted, then boiled in water to produce a tea. The plant's seeds are a commercial source of cassia gum, a food additive usually used as a thickener and named for the Chinese Senna's former placement in the genus Cassia. Roasted and ground, the seeds have also been used as a substitute for coffee. In traditional Korean medicine, they are called gyeolmyeongja (결명자) and usually prepared as tea. They are also used in Kampō (traditionalJapanese medicine) where they are called ketsumei-shi (ケツメイシ, 決明子) or by their Chinese name jué míng zǐ (traditional: 決明子,simplified: 决明子).

Abstract

Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) is a leguminous plant that infests soybean fields in the southeastern United States. Its seeds contain a variety of toxic, highly colored compounds, mainly anthraquinones together with a small amount of fat. These compounds contaminate and lower the quality of soybean oil when inadequately cleaned soybean seed from this area is processed. The sorting of sicklepod seed from a soybean harvest is an additional economic burden on the farmer beyond the cost of proper disposal of the weed seed to avoid worsening field infestation. Fortunately, sicklepod seed also contains substantial amounts of carbohydrates and proteins. These edible components when freed from anthraquinones have a market in pet food as well as potential in human foods because of the high galactomannan ratio of the polysaccharides. Sicklepod seed was dehulled, and the ground endosperm was defatted, followed by sequential solvent extraction of the defatted seed meal to isolate the anthraquinones, carbohydrates, and protein components into their respective classes. Each class of isolate was spectroscopically identified. Thanks NCBI resource

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www.malaysianherbals.com- Madagascar periwinkle (71) Catharanthus roseus--நித்தியக்கல்யாணி

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 Catharanthus roseus--நித்தியக்கல்யாணி

CANCER KILLING SUPPORTING HERB

Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as the Madagascar periwinkle, is a species of Catharanthus native and endemic toMadagascar. Other English names occasionally used include Cape periwinkle, rose periwinkle, rosy periwinkle, and "old-maid".

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Scientists who were intrigued by the fact that traditional Madagascan healers used rosy periwinkle to help treatdiabetes decided to research other potential medicinal uses for the plant. They discovered hidden treasures within rosy periwinkle, in the form of chemicals that they could use to create medicines for cancer patients.

Miraculous Results:

The chemicals from rosy periwinkle that are used in medicines, which are called vinca alkaloids, have reduced children’s leukemia survival rates so dramatically that some people call rosy periwinkle a miracle plant. Before vinca alkaloids were discovered, the average survival rate from children’s leukemia was just 10 percent. But now that doctors can treat children with drugs made from vinca alkaloids, about 95 percent of all children with leukemia survive.

It is an evergreen subshrub or herbaceous plant growing to 1 m tall. The leaves are oval to oblong, 2.5–9 cm long and 1–3.5 cm broad, glossy green, hairless, with a pale midrib and a short petiole 1–1.8 cm long; they are arranged in opposite pairs. The flowers are white to dark pink with a darker red centre, with a basal tube 2.5–3 cm long and a corolla 2–5 cm diameter with five petal-like lobes. The fruit is a pair of follicles 2–4 cm long and 3 mm broad

In the wild, it is an endangered plant; the main cause of decline is habitat destruction by slash and burn agriculture. It is also however widely cultivated and is naturalised in subtropical and tropical areas of the world.

The species has long been cultivated for herbal medicine and as an ornamental plant. In Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine) the extracts of its roots and shoots, though poisonous, is used against several diseases.^{[citation needed]} In traditional Chinese medicine, extracts from it have been used against numerous diseases, including diabetes, malaria, and Hodgkin's lymphoma.The substancesvinblastine and vincristine extracted from the plant are used in the treatment of leukemia  and Hodgkin's lymphoma.

This conflict between historical indigenous use, and recent patents on C.roseus-derived drugs by western pharmaceutical companies, without compensation, has led to accusations of biopiracy.

The species has long been cultivated for herbal medicine and as an ornamental plant. In Ayurveda and Siddha  (Indian traditional medicine) the extracts of its roots and shoots, though poisonous, is used against several diseases. 
     
In traditional Chinese medicine, extracts from it have been used against numerous diseases, including diabetes, malaria, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. The substances vinblastine and vincristine extracted from the plant are used in the treatment of leukemia and Hodgkin's lymphoma.

It can be dangerous if consumed orally.

 It can be extremely toxic, and is cited (under its synonym Vinca rosea) in Louisiana State Act 159.

As an ornamental plant, it is appreciated for its hardiness in dry and nutritionally deficient conditions, popular in subtropical gardenswhere temperatures never fall below 5 °C to 7 °C, and as a warm-season bedding plant in temperate gardens. It is noted for its long flowering period, throughout the year in tropical conditions, and from spring to late autumn, in warm temperate climates. Full sun and well-drained soil are preferred. Numerous cultivars have been selected, for variation in flower colour (white, mauve, peach, scarlet and reddish-orange), and also for tolerance of cooler growing conditions in temperate regions. Notable cultivars include 'Albus' (white flowers), 'Grape Cooler' (rose-pink; cool-tolerant), the Ocellatus Group (various colours), and 'Peppermint Cooler' (white with a red centre; cool-tolerant).

C. roseus is used in plant pathology as an experimental host for phytoplasmas. This is because it is easy to infect with a large majority of phytoplasmas, and also often has very distinctive symptoms such as phyllody and significantly reduced leaf size.

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